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Concepts - Pharma & Chemical Industry

 50 Key  Concepts: 

 Core Principles
1. Mass Balance  
   - Definition: Conservation of mass in a system.  
   - Example: In API synthesis, the mass of reactants equals the mass of products and byproducts. For instance, in the production of paracetamol, the mass of p-aminophenol and acetic anhydride equals the mass of paracetamol and acetic acid produced.

2. Energy Balance  
   - Definition: Conservation of energy in a system.  
   - Example: In a reactor producing aspirin, the energy input (heating) equals the energy used for the reaction and the energy lost to the surroundings.

3. Momentum Balance  
   - Definition: Describes fluid motion using Navier-Stokes equations.  
   - Example: Calculating the pressure drop in a pipeline transporting a liquid API intermediate.

4. Thermodynamics  
   - Definition: Study of energy, heat, and work.  
   - Example: Determining the heat of reaction for the synthesis of ibuprofen to design an efficient cooling system.

5. Phase Equilibrium  
   - Definition: Equilibrium between different phases (solid, liquid, gas).  
   - Example: Separation of a solvent from an API using crystallization, where the solid API is in equilibrium with the liquid solvent.

6. Chemical Equilibrium  
   - Definition: State where forward and reverse reaction rates are equal.  
   - Example: In the synthesis of penicillin, the equilibrium between the reactants and products determines the yield.

7. Reaction Kinetics  
   - Definition: Study of reaction rates and mechanisms.  
   - Example: The rate of hydrolysis of aspirin in aqueous solution follows first-order kinetics.

8. Transport Phenomena  
   - Definition: Unified study of momentum, heat, and mass transfer.  
   - Example: Heat transfer in a jacketed reactor used for API synthesis and mass transfer in a gas absorber used for purifying intermediates.

9. Fluid Mechanics  
   - Definition: Study of fluid behavior in motion.  
   - Example: Designing the flow system for a liquid API to ensure laminar flow and minimize pressure drop.

10. Heat Transfer  
    - Definition: Mechanisms of heat exchange (conduction, convection, radiation).  
    - Example: Heat conduction through the walls of a reactor used for the synthesis of an API.

11. Mass Transfer  
    - Definition: Movement of mass from one place to another.  
    - Example: Oxygen transfer from air to a fermentation broth in the production of antibiotics.

12. Dimensional Analysis  
    - Definition: Simplifying problems using dimensionless numbers.  
    - Example: Using the Reynolds number to predict flow regime in a pipeline transporting a liquid API.

13. Process Modeling  
    - Definition: Mathematical representation of processes.  
    - Example: Modeling a continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) for the production of an API.

14. Process Simulation  
    - Definition: Using software to simulate processes.  
    - Example: Simulating a multi-step API synthesis process using Aspen Plus to optimize conditions.

15. Process Dynamics and Control  
    - Definition: Study of process behavior over time and its control.  
    - Example: Using a PID controller to maintain the temperature in a reactor producing an API.

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 Unit Operations
16. Distillation  
    - Definition: Separation based on differences in volatility.  
    - Example: Purifying ethanol used as a solvent in API production.

17. Absorption and Stripping  
    - Definition: Gas-liquid contact for separation.  
    - Example: Removing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from exhaust gases in an API plant.

18. Adsorption  
    - Definition: Adhesion of molecules to a surface.  
    - Example: Using activated carbon to remove impurities from a solvent used in API synthesis.

19. Extraction  
    - Definition: Separation using a solvent.  
    - Example: Extracting an API intermediate from a fermentation broth using organic solvents.

20. Crystallization  
    - Definition: Formation of solid crystals from a solution.  
    - Example: Crystallizing an API from a solution to achieve the desired purity and particle size.

21. Filtration  
    - Definition: Separation of solids from liquids.  
    - Example: Filtering out impurities from a liquid API using a filter press.

22. Centrifugation  
    - Definition: Separation using centrifugal force.  
    - Example: Separating cells from a fermentation broth in the production of biopharmaceuticals.

23. Drying  
    - Definition: Removal of moisture from solids.  
    - Example: Drying a wet API cake in a vacuum dryer to achieve the desired moisture content.

24. Evaporation  
    - Definition: Removal of solvent by vaporization.  
    - Example: Concentrating an API solution by evaporating the solvent in a rotary evaporator.

25. Membrane Separation  
    - Definition: Separation using semi-permeable membranes.  
    - Example: Purifying an API solution using ultrafiltration to remove high molecular weight impurities.

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 Reaction En

Mastering Concepts - Pharma & Chemical Industry

Slow cooling crystallization

Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger basics explained - The Engineering Mindset (720p, h264)

Mass Balance Explained_ Open vs Closed Systems

Maharashtra

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